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I also dont understand a about your histogram perhaps there is some background information needed before one can understand it.
What is "16383 levels", levels of what what exactly could you refer to somewhere where it explains in layman terms, i am consumer and dont need to dive deeply in the inner working of how data stored in RAW file.

"from shadows to highlights" shadows and highlights are not the edges of traditional histogram its in the middle edges represented by blacks (left most wall value 1) & whites (right most wall value 255).

"first stop in highlights contains half of those, up to 8191" from what i understand so far from manual "EV0 – the level that corresponds to the middle gray" so first step in highlights would be from EV0 to +1 EV on your histogram?
By the way your histogram does not show +1 EV it goes from EV0 to +3 EV.
"Next stop contains half of what is in the first stop, 4095; following stops contain respectively 2047, 1023, 511" wait there are only +3EV on your histogram so did you actually mean -1EV, -2EV -3EV etc. until we reach the "left most wall" of your histogram?
"This progression simply means that the exposure in each next stop is half of what it is in the previous, brighter, stop." Each next stop is counting from EV0 down or +3EV down or from "right most wall" of your histogram?

"If the step is 0.1 EV, to fill a stop one needs at least 10 levels; with only 7 levels you will see gaps" wait step is 0.1EV where on histogram i so far dont see even 1EV steps its -10 -5 0 and +3, where 0.1EV come from?

Could you demonstrate screenshot of how overexposed image would look on your histogram, does it anything that reaches past +3EV mark or past "right most wall"?

Yeah just what exactly "right most wall" on your histogram represents?